皮尔斯在他的符号三分法中，把符号分为图像符号（icon）、指索符号（index）和象征符号（symbol）三大类。图像符号的表征方式是符号形体与它所表征的符号对象之间的肖似性。这就是说，图像符号的符形是用肖似的方式来表征对象的。指索符号的表征方式，是符号形体与被表征的符号对象之间存在着一种直接的因果或临近性的联系，使符号形体能够指示或索引符号对象的存在。由于指索符号的这一特征，使得它的符号对象总是一个确定与时空相关联的实物或事件。象征符号的符号形体与符号对象之间没有肖似性或因果相承的关系，它们的表征方式仅仅建立在社会约定的基础之上，是基于传统原因而代表某一事物的符号。不同民族可以有各自不同的约定，从而形成不同的语言符号系统，与之相关的文字、手语、旗语、鼓语等也都属于象征符号[2]（p.73）。任何能指--物体，声音，颜色，音响等--都可以具有象征意义。用食指和中指做成"V"字型可以象征性地代表"胜利"的概念，白色可以代表"纯洁"和"清白"等等。有一件值得注意的事情是，象征意义都是由社会习惯建立起来的，因而不能直接推断出来。例如，在西方文化中，白色象征纯洁、清白；黑色象征邪恶、污浊；红色象征血、情感、性、丰饶、愤怒、淫荡等等[3](p.38)。本文拟通过对符号的衍义性意指的分析，探讨象征符号的深层含义及其在不同的文化背景下的跨文化差异。

In traditional terminology, antonyms are words which are opposite in meaning. It is useful, however, to identify several different types of relationship under a more general label of opposition. There are a number of relations which seem to involve words which are at the same time related in meaning yet incompatible or contrasting; we list some of them below.

 

 

Simple antonyms  This is a relation between words such that the positive of one implies the negative of the other. The pairs are also sometimes called complementary pairs or binary pairs. In effect, the words form a two-term classification. Examples would include:

 

 

3.34              dead/alive (of e.g. animals)

The basic assumption underlying the theory of  semantic field is that words do not exist in isolation: rather, they form different semantic fields, such as an ‘animal’ field which contains all kinds of words that denote animals, or a ‘cooking’ field which includes various words related to cooking, and so on. Words that belong to the same semantic class are in the same semantic field. Let us look at some more examples of semantic fields:

 

(1)   vehicle:       car, lorry, truck, coach, van, motor-scooter.

 

(2)   building:     factory, hospital, house, church

 

(3)   vegetable:   spinach, cauliflower, cabbage, pepper, onion, tomato, cucumber

 

(4)   walk:          amble, stroll, saunter, wander, stride, strut, pace, parade, tramp, ramble

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